Quantitative Methods Portfolio Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Quantitative Methods Portfolio - Assignment Example Quantitative research studies involve collection of data from a given sample. The data is usually numerical or one that can be coded (Myers, Well, & Lorch, 2010). Quantitative research approach uses either primary or secondary data. Primary data is obtained from participants through interviews, questionnaires, and observations whereas the secondary data is obtained from secondary sources such as journal articles, websites, and books (Pedhazur & Schmelkin, 2013). This research will employ questionnaires to collect primary data for the purposes of achieving its main aim. There are different statistical applications or techniques for analyzing numerical data. SPSS is one of the statistical applications used in conducting data analysis. SPSS is a software package that analyzes different numerical data (Miller & Acton, 2009). SPSS is useful in predicting with confidence what is likely to happen based on the numerical information collected (Mitchell & Jolley, 2012). This research study wil l employ SPSS to analyze the numerical data with an aim of understanding and predicting the perceptions and behaviors of tourists. In doing SPSS, there is need to code the primary data especially in cases where the data provided options that are qualitative (Myers, Well, & Lorch, 2010). ... Frequency also refers to the number of times a given question is answered (Creswell, 2013). In this research study, the SPSS software will be used in obtaining the number of responses to a given question. For instance, if a question asks for a â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no† answers, the frequency will identify how many respondents agree with the question as opposed to the number of respondents that disagree with the question (Myers, Well, & Lorch, 2010). Frequency in this study will be used to understand the perceptions of tourists. The other concept is cross tabulation. Cross tabulation is a statistical process that aims at providing a summary of a given set of data or results; hence, developing a contingency table (Miller & Acton, 2009). This study will use cross-tabulation to summarize the frequencies and develop a table for better illustration. Lastly, this study will employ t-test. A t-test is a statistical technique for testing whether the means of two samples are signif icantly different based on the assumption that the sample statistics follow a student’s-t distribution when the hypothesis is tested (Pedhazur & Schmelkin, 2013). In this respect, t-test is used to identify whether samples are different. This study will use the t-test to compare the means of various pairs of the data such as gender versus the income, gender versus the origin, and gender versus age amongst others. List of References Creswell, J. W., 2013, Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage Publications, Incorporated. Miller, R., & Acton, C., 2009, SPSS for social scientists. Palgrave Macmillan. Mitchell, M. L., & Jolley, J. M., 2012, Research design explained. CengageBrain. com Myers, J. L., Well, A. D., & Lorch, R. F., 2010, Research

How government policy decision influenced Financial Management Essay

How government policy decision influenced Financial Management - Essay Example Policy Decisions and Influence on Financial Management There are many policy decisions factors that influence financial management. These include taxes, wars and financial influences, political changes and the stock markets, investments and accumulation goals. Taxes Taxes are the most popular and strongest influence given that it deals with use of money. Taxes are a way of generating revenue for the government (Hu, Li, Liu, Baolei, & Gaoling, 2012). Where the government or an organization overtaxes it’s people then enough money is available but citizens living below the poverty line in such a country may be highly impoverished due to heavy taxation .So for a government to manage its finance properly, then it must follow the laid down rules and regulations so that there can be a balanced change in the budget when taxes are increased (Choi, Kim, Sami, & McKenzie, 2012). Wars Political changes in a government structure may trigger wars such as post-election violence as witnessed in some countries. This will definitely affect the stock market of such a country and the spending behavior of its citizens and this affects businesses some of which come to stand still. This wave of political change affects financial management .If a country, company or an organization is involved in a trade with another such wars may affect financial management (Sara, 2011). Political Changes and the Stock Market Political parties in a country contribute immensely towards the economy of a country based on different concepts and perceptions of each .Some political parties can improve stock markets while they are in power while some may create a collapse to the economy. This affects businesses and financial management because shares are sold on the stock market and organizations and businesses use this money to improve their business. When there is less money there is less improvement and financial deficit is likely to be experienced. Concerning stock market, if a country is in rece ssion purchase of goods and services becomes less. Where less goods and services are purchased, then there will be less money in the business. With less money the financial manager will have to device new ways to produce their own goods, process them and market their own goods and services to generate income. Imposition of Bans At times a government may place bans on sales of goods which promote the economy of a country .Placement of such bans may result to decreased income which may cause instability in economy and consequently affect financial management. Positive Effect of the Policy The intended or positive effects of a government policy vary widely based on the type of an organization or company and the context in which they are made up. Due to this, policies should be carefully enacted to ensure their effectiveness. One of the positive benefits of these policies on government financial management include corporate purchasing policies which projects that all purchases above a c ertain value should be standardized by way of purchasing process (Brigham & Houston, 2011). This way, a country’s government can employ a standard purchasing through policy which enables a government or an organization to limit wastage and normalize purchasing. Other positive benefits include

The Mixing of Cultures Essay Example for Free

The Mixing of Cultures Essay Pepee,Joseph, The White Women of Genesee. The World Turned Upside Down. Boston: Bedford, 1994. Occum,Sampson, A Short Narrative of My Life. The World Turned Upside Down. Boston: Bedford, 1994 The World Turned Upside Down Chapt. 2. Boston: Bedford, 1994. In early America as the Europeans began to colonize the land, most Europeans did not think too kindly of these very different brown people that already inhabited this space. The European thought leaned greatly towards the idea of the Native Indians being of a barbaric and heathenness culture that must be changed (converted and educated) or eliminated, however, the exchange of culture frequently went both ways and sometimes those very differences in culture proved to be a great seduction to the non-Indian people. Some European immigrants found a great appeal to the Indian way of life by embracing the Native American way of; speaking, eating, dressing, hunting, farming etc. Others went on their own free will to go live with the Indians. Marrying and adopting outsiders was customary to some Indian traditions and with the rise of neighbors that were not Indian, the natives sought to intermarry due to population losses. Children from these marriages often became mediators in dealings between the European and Indian cultures. The story of Mary Jemison reflects that mixing of cultures and the affinity that can develop to the Native way of life. She was taken captive by the Indians at fifteen years old then adopted into a loving Indian family. As the years went by she adapted and grew to love her Indian family and friends. She married an Indian and considered herself one of them. Mary Jemison was one of many captives who eventually refused the opportunity to come home, finding life in Indian society more rewarding. Many people- then and today- have an attraction to the Indian culture for the very differences that the Europeans sought to destroy them. Those differences seemingly so unique and different from our culture; and though the European culture from a distance won the battle of incorporating their way of life into a new nation and an eventual political superpower, the native culture did leave a humble cogitation on America as it emerged.

NAB Connect And Online Business Banking Information Technology Essay

NAB Connect And Online Business Banking Information Technology Essay This case study is about NAB Connect which is a service given by National Australia Bank to the business owners. It is like a retail banking process which gives sub services to the owners that can be used anytime anywhere. In this case study I have placed many changes and their benefits which were occurred in 2 years in my presence. The case study covers the topics of leadership and change management. We were distributed in 2 teams one was in Jaipur Genpact and another was in Melbourne (Australia) who could directly contact to the respective organizations bankers. Changes were implemented in the process and our lean ideas upgraded our process. Our customers and team leaders were very happy with our work. The applications which were used to be processed manually now only because of OA we can now process even the complex application accurately. Without the support of my team members this will not be at all possible as team work is required to achieve a particular goal. Now the current situation of our process is that the team members can work on any application and my team members are now very participative in the process. Leadership Definition Leadership  is the process of  social esteem  in which one person can influences others to attain an objective and directs the organization with a group of people to achieve a common goal through change. Leader: An individual who has granted authority, usually based on hierarchal position, in an organization. Leaders carry out this process by applying their leadership knowledge and skills make it more cohesive and coherent. Leadership is ultimately about creating a way for people to contribute to making something extraordinary happen. My process (NAB Connect) leader was my manager. Earlier was Anurag Singh and now he is replaced with Rahul Swami as Anurag was promoted to senior manager in another process in NAB. In my Team there were 16 members. Each one had individual skills and talents. My Manager Anurag Singh who leaded us for 1 year 10 months was a fan ominous and flexible leader. He used to take a daily huddle for 20-30 minutes. And in this huddle he used to encourage each one of us. He also delivered new ideas and knowledge to how to handle a team or a group of people and work. He used to tell us his experiences as he had an experience of 7-8 years in NAB. My Australian leaders were Lidia Pipiekez, Sandra Pekez and team. Sandra and Lidia also visited to Genpact Jaipur site once when our pilot batch was started to teach us about our process. They have conducted a formal training to make us learn about the process NAB Connect. It was great experience with NAB Connect team in Genpact. I can relate this assignment to the leadership theory of Situational and Participative as our leaders chose the best course of action based upon the situational variables and our team members had taken the input of others into account. The leaders encouraged participation and contributions from group members. Change Management Definition Change management  is a structured advent to developing  individuals,  teams, and  organizations  from a current status to a desired future status. It is aimed at empowering the employees to secure and changes of the grip in their current business environment within the organizational process. In Change management, project changes are formally introduced and approved. Every individual has a right to speak and dine their views for the companys profits and up gradation during a change. Organizational Change: Examples Strategic changes- mean changing in the content of firms strategy as explained by competitive advantages, scope and synergies. Structural changes- when the company changes its functions or operations to achieve a common goal. Technological changes- as the name indicates the change in the technology or invention of a technology, the continuous process of improving a technology in an organization. Changing attitudes and behaviors of personnel- changes in the behavior of the employees or an employee start taking interest in achieving the goals of an organization. According to this case below changes can be related to the theory of organizational change i.e. behaviors of personnel and changing the attitudes as most of my team members including me had given ideas to make process easy and less time consuming. We helped each other in complex applications. Solved the problems of the customers and we were also awarded the recognitions. NAB Connect (Case Study) NAB Connect helps you streamline your business banking online, in spite of the size of the business or how you currently handle your banking process. NAB Connect Actions Moving from National Online Current company uses national online to manage their own business banking however the companys owners travel frequently, evenly overseas, in order to monitor their finances faster while on the road they are appearing to upgrade to an internet banking platform. But they have issues about the internet security and how the time consuming it will be for the owners in transferring the data to NAB Connect. NAB Connects raised features can give owners repose knowing that their financial information is protected, by the use of their security tokens, the owners and authorized staff can access the platform and authorize payments, even while travelling. Moving from NABs Internet Banking NAB Internet Banking has been used by the families to handle their own personal and business finances for years. Example Hard Earth Removals Pty Ltd is small, but fast-expanding family business. With NAB Connect, Hard Earth Removals would have greater control over their business banking.   The family could assign account viewing rights and  service access for every user, and for better management they also can apply for daily payment limits to their cash flows.   Moving from Branch and Telephone Banking Christopher used as a lawyer to run his business in a traditional way. All of his accounts in log books are still filed and his banking is done within a branch or over the phone With NAB Connect, Christopher can save time and administration costs. Instead of arranging through endless paperwork, he can simply log on to NAB Connect service. There he can view his transaction history and easily settle cheques, he has written and deposits by viewing images of his accounts.   WHAT and WHY CHANGES implemented I worked with NAB Connect in Genpact for 2 years. It was started on 21st July 2008. It was like a retail banking process. We had 2 teams one was our team which work in Jaipur Genpact and another was in Australia in National Australia Bank who were our clients. I used to check the form of the business owners which was filled by them to make the transaction through NAB Connect. The queries or incomplete information filled by the business owners bankers were sent to Australian team and then they contact to the bankers of respective organizations to update the incomplete or incorrect information in the form. The following are the changes and reasons occurred while I was working: December 2008 Data File Download service Gives you the capability to download the below files: Account Information File (BAI2 format) Locked Box Reports BPAY Reports Direct Entry Return Reports July 2009 Earlier authorizing users were not allowed to authorize payments not more than 10 but now the authorizing users can save a cogent amount of time by authorizing up to 20 payments simultaneously using their own security token.   Account preferred names can now be modified by Security Officers. October 2009 My team members given many lean ideas for the change in process or to make process easier. Following are the lean ideas: The site ID of the customer to be written in the tracker so that during the preparation of the day end report it will be pulled out in the excel sheet and can be filtered to the respective organization. Earlier the applications of the customers were onboarded by our team manually which used to take much time as the applications were used to be long as well. However now because of the lean idea given by one of my team members, the applications are now can be run on a tool called Onboarding Accelerator (OA) which onboard the client automatically with accuracy. These changes can be related to the attitudes and behavioral change in the process as the team members were taking interest in improving the process and also helping other members in the team. It can also be related to the technological theory of change management. By giving three lean ideas my team members were awarded Lean Recognition Certificate and they were offered Lean Six Sigma training as well. March 2010 Now all the tools on which we used to work with different passwords on nab site were difficult to remember upgraded to different site in which all the tools are now accessed without password however the initial password is still required due to data privacy. This can be related to the structural change as earlier the structure of opening a website on which we used to work was typical to remember the passwords of every tool and now the website structure was totally changed that now we no need to remember many passwords. May 2010 The default access services which are given to Security Officers were not updated on OA so they were used to be added manually to the users profile however now these services are updated on OA and they are automatically added to the respective Security Officers in the organization. The long forms are now upgraded to Delegated Authority Form (DAF) which contains a company name and the account number on the form. With the account number customer number of the organization is identified and sends back to Australian team. Then the Australian team asks the customer to fill in all the details which is then onboarded via OA. This change can be related to the technological change as by the use of updated OA the applications were taking less time in onboarding. July 2010 Earlier we used to send the application back to Australian team for Signature verification of the customer, warning indicator T or Z on an account as the account cant be added with these indicators to the profile and then Australian clients contact with respective organization banker for the resolution which was time consuming. However now we send the queries direct to the banker with a readymade template which reduced time and cycle. This lean idea was submitted by me. Customers can now be able to create periodic payments. Periodic payments endorse you to manage payments to be made on a monthly, fortnightly, weekly or quarterly basis for all payment types, excluding International Transfers or payments. The above changes can relate to the strategic change as the strategy of sending the application to the Melbourne and then to respective bankers was very time consuming, by these changes the turnaround time was reduced and simultaneously the strategy process also changed. Conclusion It was my great experience while working with NAB Connect in Genpact. We have reduced the business dependence and also increased job opportunities as nab Connect applications were gradually increasing. With all these above changes made our work very easy and convenient. Now we enjoy onboarding the complex application via OA. We increased from 16 to 20 in numbers. Because of OA we are now able to onboard the client easily and accurately. Our customers were very happy with the accuracy of our work. The Australian customers should use NAB Connect as a tool for their business as the owners can access to NAB Connect anywhere, anytime. We increased from 1000 to 35000 customers in 2 years and planning to increase the customers to 60000 by next year. The thing we need to focus on is accuracy although we are provided the best training. The team needs to be also focused upon turnaround time and SLA of the applications and amendments. As I mentioned above that we are now sending the queries direct to the bankers by this we can reduce the time and multiple follow ups of may be deducted.

Millays View on Death as Depicted in Renascence :: Millay Renascence Essays

Millay's View on Death as Depicted in Renascence As Edna St. Vincent Millay begins her second paragraph of Renascence, she describes herself as joyous of her coming death. Millay has been telling the reader of her frustration and anguish as she lies on the ground burdened by the sin of her life. She cries out in sheer pain, "Ah, awful weight!" She actually describes herself as "craving" death. The dying experience was becoming so painful for Millay, that she just wanted the process to be finished. The second paragraph welcomes Millay into her eternity and in turn she becomes relaxed and satisfied about her passing from life. Millay takes on a very difficult task of not only describing the final stage of death as a joyous thing, but also attempting to persuade her audience into believing the same thing. Millay is associating death with happiness. This unlikely comparison allows the reader to become relaxed about the hardships the author was facing in the earlier passages of the poem. As the earth gave way and Millay sank softly and perfectly six feet under the ground, the reader celebrates as if a runner was finally crossing the finish line. Comparing death to a successful situation is an unusual way of looking at the end of life. Yet, this view of death is a positive outlook and is quite wonderful as opposed to other literary views of death such as "death: the gatekeeper of hell who has conquered the Earth." Millay makes the reader believe that the sinking earth is more of a pair of open hands waiting to hold the weary soul of man. Death is a chance of catching up on that sleep that you never quite caught up on. Another image that Millay gives the reader is that of a mother embracing her child. Mother Earth welcomes home her tired child and allows him to rest his head upon her soft breast. She runs her hands through his hair and lays them on his brow as to cool him off. She whispers her tired child to sleep through the sweet and friendly sound of rain. Through persuading the audience to believe that death is a wonderful and relaxing thing, she takes on a very difficult task. A common thought of the end of life is that it is a ceasing of all things good.

Role of communication and interactions with individuals who have dementia Essay

1. How do individuals with dementia communicate through their behaviour (1.1) Persons with dementia may communicate through behaviours such as: †¢Repetition of actions or questions, this may communicate anxiety over memory loss, boredom from inactivity, to seek reassurance, picking at clothing due to anxiety. †¢Aggression, this may communicate depression, an inability to rationalise, impaired judgment, feeling embarrassed and fearful of humiliation, frustration that they are unable to remember what they are meant to be doing or that others do not understand their need to accomplish tasks that they feel to be important. Can find no other way to express themselves. †¢Pacing or walking, this may communicate a desire to visit a certain place or person. Although the individual may have forgotten who or where. They may be bored and attempting to use up energy, uncomfortable from sitting, confusion about what they are meant to be doing or where they are, to enter in to past routines of behaviour that once served an important purpose that the individual feels they need to accomplish. †¢Becoming suspicious of others, this may communicate that the individual is experiencing memory loss and is having difficulty recognizing familiar faces †¢Pointing and vocalizing to communicate their intentions as the individual loses the use and understanding of their vocabulary 2. How you as a carer can misinterpret communication (1.2) †¢Not being attentive and missing behavioural communications such as picking at items, failing to make eye contact or being out of the persons view, not creating an environment conducive to communication (adequate lighting, low background noise levels etc) †¢Not allowing the individual time to process information before continuing the conversation. †¢Misunderstanding the intention behind a given response as the individual may mean one thing but say another. †¢Individuals in a support team may fail to record information and communicate with one another when they have identified a need for a behaviour and the correct response to that need. i.e., the individual may pace because they are anxious remembering a forgotten routine (the need to catch the bus so they are not late for work). †¢Asking open rather than closed questions requiring a yes or no answer. Making communication difficult. 3. Explain the importance of effective communication with individuals with dementia (1.3) We all communicate to express needs and share information. In order for these needs to be met there must be someone open to receive information and a receptive environment in order for information to be shared effectively. As a person with dementia already has a compromised ability to communicate, communication needs to be effective and understood or the client may not understand what is being done to them, where they are being taking. It is important that for effective communication to take place the care giver: †¢Creates an environment that supports effective communication oAdjust lighting so you can be seen and you can in tern see, adjust lighting, close curtains if excessively sunny etc. Reduce the distraction of background noises Approach communication when there is reduced or no distracting activity in the surrounding environment oTry to make the individual’s environment comfortable in terms of temperature, seating arrangements, attempting to meet baser needs, food, drink, toileting. †¢Presents themself in a way that supports communication: Position yourself in a way that enables eye contact to be made (but not to invade personal space or intimidate) oBe aware of your non-verbal bodily communication, allow the individual to see your body language as they will be more receptive to this than speech, ensure your body language is in keeping with your intentions to avoid mixed messages †¢Speech: oRemain positive and present information in an enjoyable and pleasurable manner but avoid patronising oWhen assisting with tasks attempt to offer direction by decompiling tasks to their fundamental components rather then assuming the individual will recall how to carry out complex activities i.e. putting on shoes. Redirect the topic of conversation or activity if the individual becomes distressed rather then arguing your point oAssume that the individual can understand what you are saying. If they are present while other conversations are taking place, be respectful and show dignity by not discussing them in their presence oAttempt to retain as much of the persons autonomy as is possible by offering choices, i.e. food, clothes, activity. However keep choices simple, in the present and not abstract. Asses the individual’s ability to choose; as the illness progresses, simple choices can become overwhelming and may need to be revised. †¢Assisting with activities: Do not boss the individual; allow them time to attempt tasks at their own pace. If people feel that they are being controlled they may resort to aggression or withdraw. oUse hand over hand techniques as opposed to carrying out tasks for individuals. Praise efforts and avoid highlighting errors. 4. Describe how 3 different forms of dementia can affect the way an individual communicates. (1.4) Vascular Dementia: †¢Caused by a series of small strokes, Vascular dementia can compromise understanding of language, memory and ability to follow instructions. Early symptoms may include slurring of speech (affecting the individuals ability to verbally express), dizziness (affecting concentration), short term memory (affecting the ability to take in new information, adjust to new situations, settings and people). More dominant symptoms affect a person’s control over bladder and bowel movements compromising the ability to communicate these baser needs, ability to process information and abstract thought affecting a person’s independence and autonomy. Dementia Pugilistica: †¢Brought upon by a repetition of concussions, the dementia commonly effects a decline in mental abilities, lack of concentration (affecting a person’s ability to hold a conversation, process information, attention to tasks). Personality disorders including psychomotor retardation (a slowing-down of thought and a reduction of physical movements affecting processing skills, learning new information, recalling learnt information and ability to  complete tasks), exacerbation of aggression, suspiciousness (effecting trust in relationships and inclusiveness), loquacity (becoming talkative). Huntington’s Disease: †¢A neurodegenerative genetic disorder that affects muscle coordination and leads to cognitive decline and psychiatric issues. Some of the symptoms and their effect on communication could be: Motor dysfunction, jerky, random, and uncontrollable movements may affect both the individual’s confidence in their ability to communicate and their ability to express and gesticulate. Slowed saccadic eye movements (quick, simultaneous movements of both eyes in the same direction) may affect the individual’s ability to make or maintain eye contact affecting attention, ability to read both facial and bodily expression. Rigidity, writhing motions or abnormal posturing would affect the individual’s ability to express themselves through body language. Abnormal facial expression, difficulties chewing, swallowing and speaking would affect both use of the spoken language and accurately conveying emotion and intent through facial expression. oSleep disturbances would leave the individual feeling tired, affecting concentration, temperament, attention and emotional state Ability to correctly initiate appropriate actions and to inhibit inappropriate actions could affect the individual’s ability to gesticulate creating, misunderstandings and possible offence. Impairment in the range of short-term memory and deficits to long-term memory may affect the individual’s ability to retain information required to hold conversations in context, identity of others, what’s their relationship, what are their intentions. 5/6. Give 3 examples of how you have positively interacted with clients with Dementia and explain how these positive interactions contribute to their wellbeing. (2.1)(2.2) Although I do have experience of interacting with people who have dementia, this was at a time when I was not a support or care worker. As I used to be a cook in a large care home, I interacted frequently with persons with dementia; I will use those experiences along with the information I have learnt as a result of this unit to answer questions 5 and 6. Example one: †¢As I would go about my work in the kitchen at the nursing home, there was a lady resident who would often stand at the kitchen door and would mutter to herself and occasionally look at me and say short sentences that to me made no sense as I did not know the content. Despite not knowing much about dementia, I felt comfortable in this lady’s company and felt that she was also comfortable with standing and chatting at the door: her stance, demeanour, tone and facial expression supported this. I would always speak to her in a calm, clear pleasant manner; as this was not only polite but reflected how she spoke in my presence. I’d greet her when she came to the kitchen door and ask how she was, I would tell her about what I was doing as a running commentary (cooking, chopping, baking etc). Although she never appeared to directly interact with me I sensed that standing in a kitchen and chatting were both familiar and comforting for her, as she would spend frequent part s of her day doing this. I felt it important to accommodate her presence and interact on her terms (not pushing for answers), using common politeness and manners, offering information as a framework for my conversation. I believe this allowed her to feel comfortable in the social situation while lacking social skills. Example 2: 3: †¢The only part of my job role that required me to assist individuals with daily living tasks was serving, describing and presenting their meals to them. I would assist the support staff in serving meals as dinner was a busy time. One gentleman in particular would often become distressed when his meal was presented to him; the nurse requested that when I write the meal choices on the menu board I present this particular individual with physical representations of the food for him to be better informed and have clearer expectations. Although it was not my place to help the patients make choices, the gentlemen when presented with the food items did take an interest in them and I presented him with his meal accordingly. Although the instances of anxiety still remained around dinner time they did however significantly decrease. I now know that the food items were used as objects of reference and I believe it would have been of greater benefit to all residents if they received a comb ination of a written menu, objects of reference, photographic or pictorial representations of meal choices  according to their individual abilities around choice making. I also believe that with the information gained in this unit, in hindsight the gentlemen in question would have benefited from a smaller range of choice, 2 items as opposed to 4. 7. Why is it important to involve clients with dementia in a range of activities, give three examples of how you have done this. (2.3) As stated in questions 5 and 6, I have no experience in supporting people with dementia. For the purposes of this question I will give three examples of activity that could be considered essential for most people. Humans are occupational and social beings, physically and mentally built to interact with their environments. Therefore activity would not only be a natural pursuit for all people, but, for individuals with dementia who are losing the ability to interact with the world around them, the use of activity would allow them both structure and purpose for interaction: linking familiar experiences of the past to the unfamiliar experience of the present. Example1 †¢Supporting individual with their morning ablutions. This task would have taken place for almost every morning of the individual’s lives, with guided and prompted support the individual may benefit from a sense of pride in appearance that would have been culturally important for members of the older generation. The support worker could reinforce the activity and the individual’s attention to task by complimenting them on their appearance. There may be a range of ways in which the client chooses to cleanse themselves; shower, bathing, or it may be appropriate for individuals of a certain generation to wash at a hand basin. The act of washing may hold some religious significance for the individual (Muslims are required to be clean when handling and reading the Qur’an) allowing them the benefits of their religious convictions. Example 2 †¢Accessing social occasions (tea at a village hall). The individual may  benefit from time spent away from their home in the company of others from a familiar cultural generation. Socialising may combat isolation, loneliness, feelings of despair, suicidal thoughts, offer the individual an opportunity to positively experience their identity. Example 3 †¢Accessing reminiscing sessions. This activity may immerse the individual in an environment filled with remnants of their formative years; familiar objects, smells, clothing etc; creating a sense of identity and safety, stimulating the mind and senses in a bid to prolong their cognitive abilities, believes that are supported by the Orientation Approach. 8. Compare reality Orientation Approaches to Validation Approaches. (2.4) The validation approach attempts to offer extremely disorientated individuals (predominantly the elderly at the end of their lives) an opportunity to express what are believed to be unresolved feelings and offers the care giver an insight in to the underlying meaningful reasons for what may be perceived as odd behaviours. The care giver attempts to empathise with the individual’s behaviours, mannerisms and expressions, presenting themselves in a non-confrontational and non-judgemental way; engendering trust and acceptance. Thus allowing the individual to communicate as they are able, rather than as they should. Unlike the validation approach, which attempts to enter the world of the disorientated individual, the orientation approach attempts to focus the individual’s perceptions in the real world. Using prompts such as calendars, clocks, current magazines or newspapers, menu boards, staff boards to orientate them in to the time and place that they currently occupy. It is thought that continual, repetitive reminders will keep the patient stimulated and lead to an increase in orientation. However, I have found through researching this topic that some care givers and providers have adapted the orientation approach (which advocates the present time) by creating and orientating individuals to the particular reality or time that they may be experiencing. 9. List the physical and mental health needs that may need to be considered when communicating with some one with dementia. (3.1) Physical needs: †¢Effects of stroke ( multiple TIAs bringing about vascular dementia) oParalysis on ether side of the body †¢Problems with vision †¢Speech and language problems †¢Memory loss †¢Muscle spasticity †¢Tremors †¢Incontinence †¢Disruptions in sleep patterns †¢Unable to remain settled, pacing †¢Loss of hearing and or tinnitus †¢Loss or increase of physical sensation, touch, sight, smell. †¢Ability to accurately form facial expressions Mental health needs †¢Depression †¢Sense of agency †¢Loss of hope, experiencing despair †¢Lack in recognition of familiar people or places resulting in possible suspicion †¢Experiencing frustration †¢Heightened sense of anxiety †¢Aggressive behaviour †¢Feeling fearful †¢Short and long term memory loss †¢Becoming withdrawn 10: Describe how a sensory impairment of someone with dementia can affect their communication skills (3.2) Visual impairment: †¢The individual may not be able to accurately gauge a person’s body language or facial expressions, minimising the amount of information they receive. The interpretation of light fall on objects and surroundings may be distorted resulting in confusion and anxiety. †¢Heightened sense of smell (Hyperosmia), this may affect how an individual smells both people and places around them, they may find bodily odours, perfumes, deodorants, and cleaning products offensive, reminiscent and confusing; affecting the individual’s tolerance of these smells and ability to concentrate on tasks such as communication. †¢Loss of proprioception (body’s internal sensory network of muscle and movement), this may affect an individual’s ability to express body language or gesticulate. †¢Taste, an individual may cease to communicate their desire, choice, interest in food if eating has become a displeasurable or confusing experience due to a change in their taste. †¢Change in the sense of touch, a heightened or dampened sense of touch may result in individuals recoiling from another touching them to show reassurance or gain attention as the sensory information received may relay pain, discomfort or not register at all. †¢A change in sensory input of any of the senses may be distressing and confusing for the individual, affecting their concentration, perception and desire to communicate. 11. Describe how an environment can have an affect on a client with dementia (3.3) A change in mental faculties, cognition, memory and mental health in a person with dementia coupled with an array of sensory impairments may affect the individual’s perception of their environment in the following ways: †¢The smell of the environment may distress individuals due to Hyperosmia. †¢A loss of vision may alter the perception of visual stimuli, bright light from a window or light bulb may wash out the visual field, shadows may create the illusion of people or objects, a change in depth perception may alter a person’s ability to gauge depth of furniture. †¢Reactions to the alterations in visual perceptions may be interpreted with fear, confusion, anxiety as objects may appear different to what they are, or the individual is unable to correctly identify or comprehend their purpose †¢The environment can be arranged to effect positive change, the dà ©cor and items can be chosen to  resemble familiar surroundings from a time or era that the individual is remembering. The Orientation Approach fills the environment with informative and stimulating objects (present time frame): large clock, calendar, staff board, meal board, current literature. 12. Describe how your behaviour and that of other carers can have an affect on a client with dementia (3.4) The care giver needs to consider the way they speak: whether it is positive or negative, does it show that you are attentive and caring, if a carer rushes their speech or does not allow the client time to respond, it may convey a lack of respect and that they don’t want to be there. The messages that the carer’s body language communicates must not be at odds with their verbal content; this may create confusion and appear as insincerity. The carer must be focussed on the needs of the client, not becoming distracted by personal discussions with other carers; at all times the chosen language must be that of the clients while in their presence. Interpersonal staff conversations conducted while staff are delivering care show a lack of respect and compassion, the client may not feel that they have a right to talk if they are not involved or may become distressed about the content of conversation and feel a need to become involved. Clients may feel that they can assist with a staff member’s personal problems, offering money or possessions, accepting gratuity is both unethical and would be in contravention of the code of conduct. This may be interpreted by clients as payment for preferential services or as theft: after a client having forgotten there offering discovers their money or possessions gone. Carers need to remain professional and stick to their roles as described in their job descriptions; if the client should request services that are in contravention of their role, the carer should politely decline the request and seek support/advice from their manager if they feel it necessary. 13. Describe how the use of language can hinder positive interactions and communications. (3.5) Clients with dementia will be experiencing a deterioration in their  cognition, attention, memory, producing and understanding language, learning, reasoning, problem solving. It is therefore necessary that the carer not only use their language and communication skills appropriately but they also recognise deficit in the client’s abilities and change their approach accordingly. The client’s deterioration in cognition will result in a struggle to comprehend both spoken and written language; if a client does not understand information they are more likely to withdraw and accept their confusion with feelings of embarrassment and ineptitude rather than seeking clarification. The carer should be attentive to the client’s communication needs; noticing if they are struggling to understand, offering the information in a more appropriate way. The carer should always adapt their vocabulary to that of the clients; considering the use of slang, euphemism, colloquialism, all owing time to process and respond, realising that the clients may have lost the ability to ask questions and seek clarification.

Protestant Reformation Essay

In the early sixteenth century, Western Europe’s religious face was dominated by the Roman Catholic faith. The Catholic Church was the sole athority power of day to day values, and before long, conflicting social and political issues began to shake the foundation of the corrupt Catholic Church. Moreover, Western Catholics began to realize the corrupt nature of the Church; as the selling of indulgences was challenged by Martin Luther’s 95 Theses, the hierarchal nature of the Church was displayed via blatant acts of simony, and the concept was purgatory was outwardly questioned. Ultimately, as westerners caught wind of the aforementioned doings, an attempt to reform the Catholic Church began brewing: the Protestant Reformation. This Reformation ultimately led to several significant social and political consequences. On one note, the Reformation led to the once-all Catholic western Europeans being separated into several demographics: Catholic Christianty, Protestant Christianty, and Orthodox. As a result, the belief of the founder Jesus Christ was magnified, as well as the belief of the Bible as a doctrine of salvation (in the Protestant faith). Consequently, the popularity of the Bible led to it being printed in vernacular rather than Latin, and thus the Bible began to appeal to a larger audience rather than solely the wealthy and educated. This accessiblity to the lower class revealed the teachings of faith to a previously uninformed demographic. Also, Protestantism had created a new, highly individual spirituality. Survival and salvation depended upon inner faith and self-disclipline, thus a larger emphasis was made on personal commitments and values. As the teachings of the Bible were made more widely availible, the aforementioned notions became more widely available. With this newfound knowledge, and with the economic power of the church now lessened, there came a growth of induvidual liberty. These newfound attitudes and economic turn-around consequently reflected principes of, and led to, capitalism. On another hand, another consequence of the Reformation was many dispays of intolerance. More specifically, King Phillip II of Spain and Bloody Maryof England actively persecuted Protestants. Also, with the Reformation leaving the Church’s power teetering, several Rulers were empowered against the Church. Henry VII, for example, nullified the Pope’s powers, and in turn the Rulers of Europe had the power to rule their countries however they wished, from square one. This, ultimately, gave rise to the notion of nationalism, which gave rise to the growth of the modern state. Conclusively, the effects of the Protestant Reformation were very much significant. Starting in the hands of Martin Luther, the reform not only tore apart the religious unity of Europe at the time, but also contributed to induvidual attitudes and values, the growth of nationalism and the modern state, but also shined a light on the path to a capitalistic society.